Pharmaco-logical Activity	S. aromaticum		O. Sanctum
	Biological Response	Bioactive Compounds	Biological Response	Bioactive Compounds
Antimicrobial activity	1. Acts against non-toxigenic strains of E. coli O157:H7 [106] 2. Active against foodborne gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Y. enterocolitica, S. choleraesuis, P. aerugenosa) [51] 3. Suppress growth of methicillin-resistant clinical isolates at 1000 and 500mg/ml concentration[51] 4. Inhibits growth of 31 strains of H. pylori [51] 5. Active against yeasts and filamentous fungi [107]	Eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β-Caryophyllene, 2-heptanone, [108] acetyl-eugenol, α-humulene, methyl salicylate, iso-eugenol, methyl-eugenol, [109] phenyl propanoides, dehydrodieugenol, trans-confireryl aldehyde, biflorin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, myricetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid and oleanolic acid [110]	1. Inhibits cell growth of E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and proteus by aqueous extract [111] 2. Inhibits multidrug-resistant strain of S. aureus and V. cholera by alcoholic extract [112] 3. Potential effect against N. gonorrhea resistant strains [113] 4. Inhibits P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. pumilus by O. sanctum fixed oil [114]	Linolenic acid [114]
Antioxidant activity	1. Strong antioxidant efficiency compared to BHA and pyrogallol [115] 2. Suppresses linoleic acids lipid peroxidation by clove oil at 15ug/ml. Scavenging potential by lower concentration of essential oil compared to eugenol, BHA, BHI [98] 3. Improves kidney and liver functions as well as antioxidant status [116] 4. Provides potential protection against cell damages induced by H2O2 [87]. 5. Protective effect against CCL4 induced fibrosis [117]	Eugenol, β-caryophyllene, Vanillin, Kaempferol, Rhamnetin, Gallic acid, Biflorin, Myricetin [98,116]	1. Protects membrane by flavonoids present in O. sanctum [118] 2. Reduces radiation-induced lipid peroxidation significantly in the mouse liver [119] 3. Processes high scavenging activity for highly reactive free radicals [34] 4. Decreases lipid peroxidation significantly before and after mercury (Hgcl2) poisoning [120]	Orientin, vicenin [119], cirsilineol, cirsimaritin, isothymusin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, eugenol[34]
Anticancer activity	1. Exhibits anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potential [121,122]	Oleanolic acid, Eugenol [123,91]	1. Modulates carcinogen metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase,	Ursolic acid [130]
Anticancer activity (cont.)	2. Plays chemopreventive role for lung, skin and digestive cancers [87] 3. Prevents tumor growth and encourages cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [123] 4. Interferes with NF-κB and other cells signaling pathways [87] 5. Inhibits malignant melanoma, of both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth, reduce tumors size and blocks melanoma invasion and metastasis [124] 6. Prevents cervical carcinoma and gemcitabine at low concentrations [ 91] 7. Decreases the possibility of apoptosis of Bcl-2, COX-2 and IL-1β, lessens inflammation, and facilitates the efficacy of gemcitabine [87] 8. Displays better remedial effects in skin malignancy and melanoma [87]	(cont.)	cytochrome b5, and glutathione S-transferase by the alcoholic extract of tulsi leaves [125] 2. Inhibits human fibrosarcoma cells in vitro to reduce cytoplasm, condensed nuclei, and fragmented DNA [126] 3. Reduces benzo(a)pyrine induced forestomach neoplasia in mice as well as 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene induced hepatomas in rats [127] 4. Inhibits chemically induced skin papillomas in mice [128] 5. Induces papillomagenesis significantly to reduce the tumour incidence, average number of papillomas or/and cumulative number of papillomas in mice [129] 6. Elevates reduced GSH content and GST activities [129] 7. Prevents early events of DMBA induced buccal pouch carcinogenesis by oral treatment[130] 8. Blocks or suppresses the events associated with chemical carcinogenesis by inhibiting metabolic activation of the carcinogen [131] 9. Protects Swiss Albino mice against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and S 180 tumors [132]	(cont.)
Anti-inflammatory activity	1. Inhibits respiratory inflammation by essential oil [133] 2. Lessens musculoskeletal pain and nasal congestion by COX-2 inhibition [134] 3. Alleviates cold, cough, asthma, bronchitis and sinusitis through inhalation of aromatic oil [135] 4. Mimics endolac at 0.025 and 0.1 ml/kg and Indomethacin at 0.05 and 0.2ml/kg doses. 5. Decreases the volume of pleural exudates keeping the total blood leukocyte count unchanged at 200 and 400 mg/kg [136]	Flavonoids including kaempferol, rhamnetin and β-Caryophyllene [135] and eugenol [136]	1. Shows analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic inflammations in rats [137] 2. Restores the stress alteration caused by noise stress (leucopenia, elevated corticosterone level, and neutrophil functions) values to normal levels, showing a stress-relieving action [138]	Flavonoids [139]
Chemo-preventive activity	1. Inhibits cell multiplication during carcinogenesis. 2. Lowers COX-2 levels 13.49 % and 55.93%, by clove infusion on 17th and 26th weeks of carcinogenesis [59]	Eugenol [140]	1. Promotes antiproliferative and chemopreventive activities in mice [141] 2. Elevates levels of reduced GSH in liver, lung and stomach tissues [141]	Apigen [142]
Radio-protective activity	1. Promotes radioprotective activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, showing strong reducing power, and superoxide radical scavenging activity [143]	Polyphenol, trace element [144]	1. Protects human lymphocytes against clastogenic effects of radiation at low and non-toxic doses [112] 2. Potentiates radioprotective action in humans by increasing protection of bone marrow cells and lower toxicity of WR-2721 [145]	Flavonoids- orientin and vicenin [118] Rosemarinic acid [142]
Anti-hypertensive and cardio-protective activities	1. Minimizes the risk of cardiovascular disease, arterial sclerosis, and many other conditions linked to oxidative stress. [35] 2. Responsible for reversible and negative inotropic effects in the heart muscle.[35] 3. Acts as smooth muscle relaxant and hypotensive agent [35]	Eugenol [35]	1. Prevents temporary and long-term cerebral ischemia and hypoperfusion [34] 2. Shows hypotensive effect in anesthesia due to peripheral vasodilatory activity. 3. Protects Wister rats from isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis by increasing endogenous antioxidants [146] 4. Inhibits the transcriptional expression of genes modulating atherogenesis controlling lipid metabolism, cytotoxin production and cellular activity within the arterial wall [147] 5. Lowers serum cholesterol, LDL + VLDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol indicating a hypocholesterolemic effect [9] 6. Decreases blood total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol and total fecal sterol levels [148]	Linoleic and linolenic acids [149]
Hepato-protective activity	1. Lowers alkaline phosphatase activity indicating hepatoprotective effect of clove oil [150]	Flavonoids and polyphenolic [150]	1. Protects liver injury induced by paracetamol by oral administration [151] 2. Prevents carbon tetrachloride (0.2 ml/100 g, subcutaneously)-induced liver damage in Albino rats [89]	Eugenol, flavonoid and ursolic acid, linoleic acid [152]
Anthelmintic activity	1. Reveals anthelmintic property against H. contortus worms. 2. Effectively kills worms at high concentrations where 100% mortality was attained within minutes of exposure [153]	Phenolics, Tannins and Alkaloids[154]	1. Shows putative anthelmintic activity on Caenorhabditis elegance model [155] 2. Impacts in non-hatching of eggs, non-development of larvae, and paralysis and death of larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes [156]	Eugenol [155], Tannins [156]
Analgesic activity	1. Helps to inhibit inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes [87] 2. Inhibits pain perception by suppressing sensory receptor [157] 3. Lowers the action potential conduction [158] 4. Inhibits NMDA - GABA receptor stimulation which are involved in pain sensitivity [159]	Eugenol [157]	1. Effective against acetic acid induced writhing method in mice in a dose dependent manner [89] 2. Processes combined inhibitory effects of prostaglandins, histamine and acetylcholine [160]	Not reported
Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant activity	1. Prevents convulsions through inhibitory activity via strychnine and picrotoxin effects at glycine and GABAA receptor sites, respectively by clove essential oil [87] 2. Promotes hypnotic and anxiolytic effects by increasing the concentration of GABA in the brain[99]	Eugenol, B-Caryophyllene, Humulene [99]	1. Extends the period of lost reflex, lowers the time of recovery and severity of electroshock and pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in mice [89] 2. Reduces apomorphine-induced fighting time and ambulation [161] 3. Increases swimming time indicating a CNS stimulant or antidepressant mimicking desipramine [162] 4. Increases sleeping time in rats induced by pentobarbitone [46] 5. Enhances the levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and 5-HT turnover in numerous distinct brain areas during sub-chronic noise exposure [163] 6. Prevents the noise-induced increase in levels of neurotransmitters without affecting normal levels indicating probable herbal treatment for noise-induced biogenic amine alterations [164]	Not reported
Antipyretic activity	1. Mimics acetaminophen intragastrically and intravenously to treat fever [165]	Eugenol [165]	1. Reduces the febrile response indicating its antipyretic activity against typhoid-paratyphoid A/B vaccine-induced pyrexia in rats [166], mimics aspirin in antipyretic effect at a dose of 3 ml/kg [166]	Not reported
Antidiabetic activity	1. Contributes hypoglycemic effect via molecular dynamics, molecular mechanic and molecular 1.Docking [167]	Acetyleugenol, Eugenol, alpha-Humulen [167]	1. Potentiates the action of exogenous insulin, improves fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance[168] 2. Reduces fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels in a randomized trial [169] 3. Processes aldose reductase activity to decrease the complications of diabetes such as cataract, retinopathy, etc [170]	Not reported
Antiulcer activity	1. Prevents ethanol- and indomethacin-induced stomach ulcers in rat model [172] 2. Improves gastrointestinal health, particularly in chronic alcohol users [171] 3. Provides gastroprotective effect via synthesis of mucus [172]	Eugenol, Clovinol [171,172]	1. Elicits notable antiulcer activity against aspirin, indomethacin, , reserpine, histamine, alcohol (ethanol 50%) , serotonin or stress-induced ulcers in rats [166] 2. Possesses antiulcer activity due to lipoxygenase inhibitory effects, histamine antagonistic, and antisecretory activities [173]	Not reported
Antiarthritic activity	1. Promotes bone-preserving efficacy by the hydroalcoholic extract of dried clove buds in ovariectomised rat model of osteoporosis [174]	Eugenol [30]	1. Improves in formaldehyde induced arthritis in rats as comparable to aspirin[166] 2. Inhibits inflammatory mediators (e.g., serotonin, histamine, bradykinin and PGE2) in experimentally induced arthritis and joint edema [175]	Not reported
Adaptogenic activity/anti-stress activity	1. Shows significant antidepressant like activity against monoamineoxidase in CD-1(ICR) mice [176]	Eugenol [176]	1. Shows adaptogenic activity via immunostimulant capacity [177] 2. Increases resistance to a variety of stress-induced biological changes [89]	Not reported
Anesthetic Activity	1. Exhibits slight anesthetic activity in humans and fish by S. aromaticum oil[178, 179] 2. Blocks prostaglandin H (PHS) production [180] 3. Able to anesthetize rabbit fish (Saiganus lineatus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and coral reef fish (Pomacentrus amboinensis), crabs [181] 4. Generates fast anesthesia in Zebra fish with a short recovery time [87]	Eugenol [180]	1. Exhibits the shortest induction time indicating the highest anesthetic activity to fish.	Methyl eugenol
Anticoagulant activity	1. Inhibits human platelet aggregation on stimulated platelet activating factor, arachidonic acid (AA) or collagen [87] 2. Protects PAF against AA at induced thrombosis [87] 3. Reduces the production of thromboxane A2 and 12-HETE by human platelets treated with [C [14]] AA. [182] 4. Suppresses in vitro prostaglandin biosynthesis, formation of thromboxane B2, and arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in vitro [83][183] 5. Supersedes aspirin in preventing platelet aggregation induced by arachidonate, adrenaline and collagen. 6. Exerts equivalent efficacy to indomethacin in arachidonate induced aggregation [184]	Eugenol and acetyl eugenol [184]	1. Prolongs blood clotting time indicating the antiaggregatory action of oil on platelets as compared to aspirin [149] 2. Increases blood clotting time and percentage which is and could be due to inhibition of platelet aggregation	Linoleic acid [166]
Immuno-modulatory activity	1. Increases humoral and cell-mediated immune responses via immunomodulatory action[185]	Not reported	1. Modifies humoral immune response via antibody formation [82] 2. Influences both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and GABAergic pathways [186]	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and salrigenin [186]
Antifertility activity	1. Decreases and distorts pattern of spermatozoa, thickening of the membrane, vacuolization within seminiferous 2. Decreases length and weight of testis considerably [187] 3. Inhibits testicular activity administering high and middose points a biphasic effect of clove flower bud [188]	Not reported	1. Decreases total sperm count, sperm motility and weight of testis [189] 2. Reduces sperm count, sperm motility, and male reproductive organ weight for long-term feeding [89] 3. Reduces the sexual behavioral score in mature male Wistar rats [190]	Ursolic acid [191]
Memory enhancer activity	1. Improves learning and memory subsequently through reduction in lipid peroxides [63] 2. Improves scopolamine-induced memory deficit at a relatively higher dose (0.1 ml/kg).	Not reported	1. Ameliorates the amnesic impact of scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg) as well as aging-induced memory impairments [192] 2. Improves step-down latency (SDL) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in treating cognitive diseases including dementia and Alzheimer's disease [192]	Not reported