1. Abstract
  2. Introduction
  3. Recommendations
  4. Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. References
  7. Update History
Review | Open Access | Article Number : PPD21111

Comparative summary of the ethnomedicinal use, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of Syzygium aromaticum and Ocimum sanctum

  • Jasica Sarker 1
  • Mohammad Nurul Islam 2
  1. 1 Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  2. 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  3. Corresponding Author
  • Received On: 2021-11-26|
  • Accepted On: 2022-02-20|
  • Published On: 2022-03-16
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5 Initial Editorial Screening Report PPD/IESR/2111/1
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10 Revised Manuscript PPD/MIN/21111R
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13 Manuscript Review Report (Round 2, Reviewer 2) PPD/MRR/21111/R2.2
14 Final Editorial Screening Report PPD/FESR/21111
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Abstract

Medicinal plants are the primary sources of easily accessible remedies frequently used by the traditional people in developing regions. It is a common practice for sick people to combine conventional medicine with traditional medicine. Clove and Tulsi are among the most widely used herbs prescribed for their therapeutic benefits in a wide range of ailments. The purpose of this review was to accumulate and compare the benefits of both plants by focusing on their phytochemical and nutraceutical components and biological responses. Ethnomedicinal data were obtained through extracting information from journals, books, and websites belonging to the therapy. The study categorized the pharmacological properties possessed by these two plants according to their bioactive compounds, among which eugenol was found most potent and commonly present in both offering antioxidant, and anesthetic activities. Other common phytochemical components of essential oils include α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Limonene, and Camphene, 1.8-Cineole, α-Terpineol, β-Caryophyllene, Germacrene D, δ-Cadinene, α-Selinene, α-Cadinol, etc. In literature, both these plants have been reported to have a wide variety of pharmacological potentials including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, radioprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anthelmintic, anticoagulant activities. The study also identified some key areas as opportunities for further scientific investigations such as assessment of safety profile of co-administration, alternative use, nutraceutical values, and disease-specific dose determination, etc. The study compiled comparative information to aid scientists for additional research and the tribal communities for specifying targeted use against particular diseases.

Key words:Clove, Tulsi, Pharmacological Properties, Ethnomedicinal Use, Chemical Components, Toxicity

Introduction

Natural plants have long been used as medicinal agents due to their biological and pharmacological activities since ancient times. Different parts of plants and their crude extracts have been employed for centuries in herbal medicine to prevent diseases, both therapeutically and prophylactically. Clove and Tulsi are known for their ethnomedicinal values and are considered abundant sources of bioactive compounds. Different compounds and plant parts of these herbs have been found to ameliorate various clinical conditions.

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an aromatic plant, belonging to Myrtaceae family (Table 1). It is indigenous to the Maluku Islands, off the coast of east Indonesia. However, it is currently grown in Sri Lanka, India, Madagascar, Malaysia, Tanzania (Zanzibar Island) and in the northeast regions of Brazil [1]. The whole and ground cloves are used to enhance the flavor of dishes. They are utilized as a carminative to promote peristalsis and enhance gastric hydrochloric acid [2]. It has been proven to be a good anesthetic for sedating fish in a variety of invasive and noninvasive fisheries management and research techniques [3]. Furthermore, clove essential oil possesses a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antiseptic, and insecticidal effects [4-6]. The abundance of eugenol, a highly potent pharmacologically active compound, in clove essential oil is responsible for most of the biological activities however, other compounds are still in research.

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) is an aromatic shrub belonging to the Lamiaceae family of basil (tribe ocimeae). It originated in north-central India and is now cultivated as a native species in the eastern tropics of the world [7]. Tulsi is one of the most well-known examples of Ayurveda's holistic approach to healthcare. Tulsi has been included in spiritual and lifestyle practices in India, which is due to its wide range of health benefits. Several types of research have been conducted based on traditional Ayurvedic wisdom to investigate the medicinal benefits of tulsi and have suggested that this herb is a tonic for the body, mind, and spirit that can treat a variety of modern-day health issues. Tulsi is said to improve the appearance of the skin, the sweetness of the voice, and the development of intelligence, and stamina [8,9]. Leaves, fruits, essential oils of tulsi exert anti-tussive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, radioprotective, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory effects [10-14].

This review mainly focused on the comparative study of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) depending on their nutraceutical values, compositions, essential oils, traditional applications, biological and toxic effects in order to have a clear concept of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two medicinal plants.

Table 1: Taxonomical classification of S. aromaticum and O. sanctum [15,16]

>> Click to Enlarge Table 1

Ethnomedicinal Use

Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) have been documented as the most prominent sources of traditional medicine for centuries. Approximately 80% of the world's population currently depends on traditional medicines as a primary source of health treatment [17]. Different parts of these plants are traditionally used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine to prevent and treat a variety of illnesses and everyday ailments which have been shown in Table 2. Within Ayurveda practice, tulsi is renowned as “The Queen of Herbs,” “Mother Medicine of Nature” and is revered as an “elixir of life”. It is said that daily consumption of tulsi prevents disease, promotes general health, wellbeing, and further helps to manage the stresses of daily life. Chewing leaves helps to treat cold and sore throat [18]. In ancient times, the leaves are used to treat a variety of fevers such as boiled leaves are taken with tea as a treatment to prevent dengue and malaria fever whereas dried powder of leaf is used to cure teeth disorder [19]. On the other hand, cloves have traditionally been used as a remedy for indigestion, nausea, and vomiting. Cloves have been used to cure a variety of illnesses including malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis in tropical Asia. In America, it's used to treat different types of worms and viruses, candida, and a number of protozoan and bacterial infections.  In addition to their recreational purposes, cloves are said to be a natural anthelmintic [20].

Table 2: Comparison of ethnomedicinal uses between S. aromaticum and O. sanctum plant parts

>> Click to Enlarge Table 2

Alongside, these two are popular as condiments and flavoring agents in preparing traditional dishes as well as common ingredients in formulating toothpaste commercially [79,80].

Nutraceutical Compounds

The composition of a clove varies slightly as it is produced, processed, and stored in the agro-climatic conditions. A typical evaluation determines the following approximate chemical composition of clove: volatile oil (13.2%), non-volatile ether (15.5%), carbohydrate (57.7%), protein (6.3%), crude fibre (11.1%), mineral matter (5.0%), calcium (0.7%), phosphorus (0.11%), iron (0.01%), sodium (0.25%), potassium (1.2%), ash insoluble in HCl (0.24%), vitamins (mg/100g): Vit A: 175 I. U., Vit B1: 0.11, Vit B2: 0.04, niacin:1.55, Vit C:80.9 and calorific value (food energy): 430 calories/100g [20]. The nutritional analysis of Ocimum sanctum exhibits a high level of protein (30 Kcal, 4.2 g), carbohydrate (2.3 g), and fat (0.5 g) contents. It also contains vitamin A and C (25 mg per 100 g), and minerals such as calcium (25 mg), iron (15.1 mg), and phosphorus (287 mg) [9].

Phytochemical Constitutes

The nature of compounds present in medicinal herbs can be identified through phytochemical analysis. It is also performed to evaluate the effects of available bioactive components. Phytochemical constituents such as eugenol, polyphenols, flavonoids have been considered to be a valuable source for the development of innovative pharmaceutical compounds that have been utilized to treat serious ailments [81]. Clove and tulsi possess a wide range of phytocompounds that have been compared in Table 3. Among them, the content of eugenol is found to be the most common in both these plants apart from other mutual compounds such as gallic acid, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, campesterol, etc. Besides, these medicinal plants also contain bicyclic sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, triterpenes, C-glucosides, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoid saponins, and steroids which have been demonstrated to have pharmacological actions.

Table 3: Comparison of phytochemical compounds of whole plants of S. aromaticum and O. sanctum.

>> Click to Enlarge Table 3

Phytochemical Constitutes of Essential Oil

Terpenes, or terpenoids, are the most abundant and diversified class of naturally occurring chemicals in natural plants. They are categorized as mono, di, tri, tetra, as well as sesquiterpenes depending on the number of isoprene units they contain. Table 4 categorizes monoterpene, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and other compounds present in clove and tulsi. Among monoterpene hydrocarbons, both plants are enriched with α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Limonene, and Camphene. Besides, some compounds such as 1.8-Cineole, α-Terpineol, β-Caryophyllene, Germacrene D, δ-Cadinene, α-Selinene, α-Cadinol contained by sesquiterpenes are the most common in these two natural herbs [91,96].

Table 4: Comparison of phytochemical constitutes of essential oils of S. aromaticum and O. sanctum.

>> Click to Enlarge Table 4

Toxicological Studies

Many studies have reported several therapeutic actions of S. aromaticum and O. sanctum. The World Health Organization (WHO) found that the daily amount of clove that is acceptable in humans is 2.5 mg/kg of weight whereas the daily consumption of tulsi is 30 ml/kg (Table 5). It can cause possible side effects such as liver damage, seizures, and fluid imbalances. There have not been found noteworthy evidences about clove's safety in medicinal doses [97]. However, it has been recommended to avoid its use for pregnant or breastfeeding women [97]. In respect of tulsi, studies revealed favorable therapeutic results with low or no side effects for formulations, irrespective of dose, or for any participant's age or gender [28].

Table 5: Toxic Dose and Safety profile of S. aromaticum and O. sanctum.

>> Click to Enlarge Table 5

The absence of any adverse effects does not rule out the possibility of long-term side effects. However, the long traditional history of daily usage of tulsi indicating any major long-term health risks are rare and daily intake of tulsi has been reported safe [28].

Biological Responses

Clove and Tulsi are essential therapeutic plants because of the extensive spectrum of pharmacological properties accumulated over centuries of traditional use and documented in literatures. These plants are abundant with many phytoconstitutes that leads many researchers to identify specific compounds in response to particular disease. Eugenol, the major compound of clove is reported to participate in photochemical reactions [103]and photocytotoxic properties [104]. In 1995, the radioprotective effect of Ocimum sanctum was first documented [105].  Besides, clove and tulsi both plants have showed antibacterial, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, analgesic, cardioprotective, anti- inflammatory, anti-fertility activities depending on their phytoconstituents. Table 6 represents biological responses of both plants according to their phytocompounds.

Table 6: Comparative summary of pharmacological properties of S. aromaticum and O. sanctum by representing the biological responses and responsible bioactive compounds.

>> Click to Enlarge Table 6

Recommendations

The review recommends a wide range of pharmaceutical activities categorized based on their bioactive compounds. However, it also identified opportunities for further investigations in vital areas. As such, no studies were found on the co-administration (intake) of these two plants in laboratory or human model to identify their safety profile, adverse reactions or contraindications whereas, in vice versa, no report suggested their use in ailments alternatively. Moreover, very few studies documented the nutrients presents in isolated parts of these herbs. In addition, no studies were found on determining the daily intake or safe doses individually for particular diseases or disorder. Thus, current comparison recommends further phytochemical and pharmacological analysis to establish clove and tulsi as prescribed natural agents.

Conclusion

The role of natural plants in medicine have always been well-documented in literatures. This review was focused on the comparison of traditional uses, biological responses, chemical compositions, toxicity and safety profiles of clove and tulsi herbs. Alongside the comparative analysis, the study also revealed common constituents and common pharmacological activities among these two plants; which have indicated the role of different bioactive compounds for same biological responses. The review concludes that both clove and tulsi are highly potent pharmacological agents and can be used for different ailments prior assessing their safe dose profile against the particular disease or disorder.

Acknowledgements

The present study was mapped and structured at the Institute for Pharmaceutical Skill Development and Research, Bangladesh.

Authors’ Contributions

Authors MNI structured and organized the project. Author JS collected the findings and prepared the manuscript.  

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Competing Interests

Authors agreed on the article before submission and had no conflict of interests.

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1 2022-03-16

Original Article; published at its accepted version (Reference Number: PPD/MIN/21111A)